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FAQ

What is Earth observation?

Earth observation is the gathering of information about planet Earth’s physical, chemical and biological systems. It involves monitoring and assessing the status of, and changes in, the natural and man-made environment.

In recent years, Earth observation has become more and more sophisticated with the development of remote-sensing satellites and increasingly high-tech “in-situ” instruments. Today’s Earth observation instruments include floating buoys for monitoring ocean currents, temperature and salinity; land stations that record air quality and rainwater trends; sonar and radar for estimating fish and bird populations; seismic and Global Positioning System (GPS) stations; and over 60 high-tech environmental satellites that scan the Earth from space.

Earth observation is now more important than ever due to the dramatic impact that modern human civilization is having on the global environment.

What are Earth observations?

There are many different kinds of Earth observations. A few examples:

  • a birdwatcher’s notes on bird sightings
  • numerical measurements taken by a thermometer, wind gauge, ocean buoy, altimeter or seismograph
  • photographs
  • radar and sonar images
  • analyses of water or soil samples
  • processed information such as maps or forecasts

Why are Earth observations important?

Human civilization is having an increasingly powerful influence on the Earth system. Earth observations are invaluable for assessing and mitigating the negative impacts. They can also be used for exploiting new opportunities, such as the sustainable management of natural resources. Some specific applications of Earth observations include:

  • forecasting weather
  • tracking biodiversity and wildlife trends
  • measuring land-use change (such as deforestation)
  • monitoring and responding to disasters, including fires, floods, earthquakes and tsunamis
  • managing energy sources, freshwater supplies and agriculture
  • addressing emerging diseases and other health risks
  • predicting, adapting to and mitigating climate change

What is the Group on Earth Observations (GEO)?

GEO is a voluntary partnership of governments and international organizations. It provides a framework within which these partners can develop new projects and coordinate their strategies and investments. By collaborating in this way, they can create synergies and maximize the benefits of investments in Earth observation.

As of September 2011, GEO’s Members include 87 Governments and the European Commission. In addition, 64 intergovernmental, international, and regional organizations with a mandate in Earth observation or related issues have been recognized as Participating Organizations.

What is GEO’s goal?

GEO is constructing a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) that will link together the many thousands of scientific observation instruments that have until now been operating in isolation.

This is necessary because the need for data and forecasts has evolved beyond the capabilities of single-purpose, stand-alone information systems. It is also possible because today’s new and emerging technologies, which are generating fast quantities of data, can be made “interoperable”.

Because the complexity and dynamism of modern civilization is placing ever greater demands on political and economic decision-makers, GEO aims to make it possible for policymakers and managers to act on the basis of the most comprehensive and detailed environmental information available.

How does GEO work?

GEO is constructing the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) on the basis of a 10-Year Implementation Plan that runs from 2005 to 2015. The Plan defines a vision statement for GEOSS, its purpose and scope, expected benefits, nine “Societal Benefit Areas” (disasters, health, energy, climate, water, weather, ecosystems, agriculture and biodiversity), technical and capacity-building priorities, and the GEO governance structure.

The Implementation Plan is being pursued through a three-year Work Plan for 2007 – 2009. This “living” document sets out more than 70 practical Tasks. Each Task supports one of the nine societal-benefit or four transverse areas and is carried out by interested Members and Participating Organizations.

GEO is governed by a Plenary that meets at least once a year at the level of senior officials and periodically at the ministerial level.

Why is GEOSS being constructed?

The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) promises to revolutionize our ability to understand and manage the planet. This emerging global public infrastructure is already starting to generate comprehensive, near-real-time environmental data, information and analyses. It serves a wide range of users and empowering decision makers to respond more effectively to the many environmental challenges facing modern civilization.

GEOSS is interconnecting existing and future Earth observation systems. Investments in environmental monitoring and forecasting have now reached a critical mass, resulting in a vast and expanding array of observation systems and decision-support tools. By adopting common standards to make diverse instruments “interoperable”, GEOSS will generate cross-disciplinary data sets. GEOSS will also reduce costs, boost efficiency, exploit synergies and establish a global infrastructure for generating Earth observations as a public good.

How much progress has been made so far?

Although GEOSS has been under construction for only three years, a great deal has already been achieved. Work on developing the functional architecture that will make it technically possible to interlink the various components of GEOSS is well advanced. Many gaps and overlaps in coverage have been addressed. And new instruments and systems have been strengthened and joined up to the “system of systems”.

To measure the progress achieved so far, in November 2007 the GEO community presented “The First 100 Steps to GEOSS” to Ministers. Many of these “Early Achievements”, as well as other projects and activities contributing to the start-up of GEOSS, are also described in the full-colour book “The Full Picture”.

Latest News 

GEO newsletter

GEO News Issue #17
(13 December 2011)

 

Outcome of GEO's side event at UNFCCC/COP 17, Durban, South Africa

 

GEO-VIII Plenary accepts new GEO 2012-2015 Work Plan

The Scientific and Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) hosted the GEO-VIII Plenary in Istanbul on 16 and 17 November. The Plenary's 380+ participants accepted the new GEO 2012-2015 Work Plan and the new Work Plan management structure. They also welcomed the recent improvements to the GEOSS Common Infrastructure, which now provides access to millions of data sets and information products through the GEO Portal. This includes the GEOSS Data-CORE, a distributed pool of documented datasets with full, open and unrestricted access at no more than the cost of reproduction and distribution. Other important outcomes of the meeting included an assessment and review of the progress made to date on GEOSS implementation, acceptance of the GEO Global Forest Observations Initiative (GFOI) Implementation Plan, and the launch of a process for defining the post-2015 phase of GEOSS. The review of the GEO-VIII Meeting Outcomes is available here

 

G20 Ministers launch GEO agricultural initiative

The agriculture ministers of the G20 countries adopted a ministerial declaration on 23 June in Paris launching a Global Agricultural Geo-Monitoring Initiative.
The aim of this GEO-led international monitoring network is to produce more accurate crop forecast data in order to promote food security. The Declaration is available here.

 

GEOSS in the Americas Symposium

The GEOSS in the Americas Symposium was held in Santiago de Chile from 5 to 7 October 2011. For more information please see the Symposium website.

 

Official review ends for GEO 2012-2015 Work Plan

Version 1 of the GEO Work Plan has been distributed to GEO Principals for comments. Version 1 incorporates the comments received from the GEO community during the technical review period March-May 2011 and draws from the outcomes of the 2011 Work Plan Symposium.

 

GEO's role in climate, biodiversity, forests

Research Media recently asked GEO Secretariat José Achache about GEO's progress over the past year and the challenges it faces going forward. The interview can be viewed here.

 

Japan's ALOS satellite concludes its mission

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has announced that its Advanced Land Observing Satellite "DAICHI" (ALOS) has reached the end of its operational life following the loss of power onboard. During the five years it spent monitoring the planet, ALOS took 6.5 million images. Many of these images have contributed to GEO's ongoing work on monitoring the world's forests under the Forest Carbon Tracking task. Read more...

 

Technical review launched for GEO 2012-2015 Work Plan

Version 0 of the next GEO Work Plan has been distributed to the GEO community for comment by 26 May. The draft Work Plan, has been designed to fully address the 2015 Strategic Targets; establish an operational and sustainable GEOSS; reinforce coordination, user engagement and resource mobilization; and provide information products and end-to-end services tailored to serve society's needs across the nine Societal Benefit Areas.

 

Nominations invited for Will T. Pecora Award

The William T. Pecora Award is presented annually to individuals or groups that have made outstanding contributions toward understanding the Earth by means of remote sensing. The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) jointly sponsor the award. Read more...

 

GEO releases report on global water quality monitoring

The GEO Inland and Near-Coastal Water Quality Remote Sensing Working Group met last November to assess progress towards building the water quality component of GEOSS. The resulting progress report has been posted here.

 

Beijing Ministerial adopts Declaration

The GEO-VII Plenary and Beijing Ministerial, held from 3-5 November, assessed GEO's progress over the past five years, evaluated past and future GEOSS implementation, agreed a Data Sharing Action Plan, and adopted the Beijing Declaration. These documents as well as the speeches given during the Ministerial are posted on the meetings page. The full-color book "Crafting Geoinformation" is also available for download.

 

GEOSS Work Plan Progress Highlights presentation

 

Beijing showcase videos now available

On 5 November in Beijing, participants in the GEO Ministerial enjoyed a number of short videos introducing GEOSS and showcasing GEO achievements in the fields of biodiversity, carbon monitoring, capacity building, health services and water management in Asia/Oceania. These videos can be downloaded and viewed here (please note that these are large files).

 

Earth Observation Summit Endorses Global Data Sharing

Science magazine reported from Beijing on the GEO Ministerial; read the article here.

 

NASA sends cost-free data to African scientists

The provision of terrabytes of data to African researchers "support(s) the goals of the Group on Earth Observations, a partnership of international agencies that promotes collaborative use of Earth science data," said NASA. Read more here.

 

SERVIR-Himalaya launched in Kathmandu

USAID, NASA, and ICIMOD have joined hands to establish SERVIR-Himalaya as the third regional SERVIR operational facility. Read more here.

 

Get Connected Online to the "Earth Observation Symposium" and other events in Kathmandu 1-7 October 2010

Read full story

 

China, Secretariat brief Geneva diplomats on Beijing Ministerial

Dozens of government and UN diplomats attended a briefing on the upcoming Beijing Ministerial at the Mission of the People's Republic of China to the UN office in Geneva. For more details see the People's Daily article.

 

UK GEO Co-ordination Project Launched

Four of the UK organisations with a significant stake in building GEOSS have come together to develop the UK's strategy for involvement in GEO. This will be achieved through a jointly funded UK GEO Co-ordination Project. See the article here.

 

Nature cites GEO BON value for biodiversity assessment

An editorial in the prestigious science publication Nature has recognized the GEO Biodiversity Observation Network as a crucial mechanism for supporting the proposed Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). See the article here.

 

GEO BON launches Implementation Plan

The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) has released its detailed, 175-page Implementation Plan for a coordinated global campaign to gather and share information on biodiversity, provide tools for data integration and analysis, and contribute to improved environmental management and human well-being. For more information, see the Technical Summary, Detailed Implementation Plan, and press release.

 

GEO participates in Shanghai Expo

The MeteoWorld Pavilion was officially unveiled on 9 May by the World Meteorological Organization, the China Meteorological Administration, EUMETSAT and GEO at the Shanghai Expo Park, Shanghai, China. Read full story

 

EnerGEO launches newsletter

As reported earlier in GEO News, the EnerGEO project (Earth Observation for monitoring and assessment of the environmental impact of energy use) started last November with support from the European Commission. The first issue of the EnerGEO newsletter is now available. To subscribe, please visit the EnerGEO website.

 

GEO applauds JAXA data on Haiti, Chile earthquakes

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has provided essential ALOS/PALSAR satellite data to international scientists whose analyses support the emergency teams responding to the major earthquakes in Haiti, on 12 January, and Chile, on 27 February. Read full story here

 

WCRP announces Open Science Conference

The World Climate Research Programme will host a major international Open Science Conference in Denver, Colorado, USA in October 2011. The conference will bring together major disciplines and leaders of the Earth system research community to identify opportunities for advancing scientific understanding and prediction of climate variability and change from seasons to centuries, and from the regional to the global levels. Details are available on the conference website.